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Why businesses fail

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In my previous discussions on measuring performance of businesses, I indicated that both financial and non-financial indicators can reveal a lot about whether the business will survive into the future or not. The financial (lagging) indicators show how the business has performed in the past year/s whereas the non-financial (leading) indicators show how the company is likely to perform into the future.

From these indicators, you can assess the chances of the company surviving into the foreseeable future. In this article I will discuss those issues that business leaders should attend to if they have to reduce chances of their businesses collapsing. I hope business leaders will learn from these reasons for failure and therefore avoid repeating them.
In recent years, the business environment has been marred by a series of major corporate failures and catastrophic collapses, in the likes of Enron, Kodak, AIG and a lot more. With each of these corporate failures there are certain symptomatic issues they all had in common which led them to fail.

One of the most obvious reasons for corporate failure is managerial inefficiency and ineffectiveness. This could result from a lack of a well-articulated corporate strategic plan which is executed and regularly monitored by top management. The other factors which would be related to managerial inefficiency and ineffectiveness could be over expansion, ineffective sales force, high production costs, inappropriate costing strategies, low productivity, poor financial management strategy, poor risk assessment strategy and lack of staff development among others.
Another issue that causes corporate failure is the lack of an effective board. Lack of critical skills, or lack of experience by board members in core business areas and the inability of non-executive directors to hold executives to account for their decisions have resulted in the collapse of businesses.

For instance, the collapse of Enron in 2001 was a result of directors that were inexperienced and a board which was riddled with conflicts of interest. The board failed on its fiduciary duties by knowingly allowing Enron executives to engage in high-risk accounting, interest transactions and extensive undisclosed off balance sheet activities. In their ruling the US lawmakers ruled that it was Enron’s ineffective board that was responsible for running America’s seventh-largest public company to the ground.

If boards have to be effective they need to be open and honest with each other and they should scrutinise the information provided by management and should be able to ask hard questions to the CEO. Usually boards that are filled with friends and people who see eye to eye on everything will not be effective because they can’t challenge the CEO or ask hard questions to the management team.

The other issue that causes the board to fail in executing its responsibilities effectively is what is regarded as risk blindness. This is a situation where boards fail to deal with identified risks but instead ignore it thereby letting the risk to grow and fester making the whole situation worse and difficult to address. Risk blindness was one of the reasons that led to the collapse and subsequent bailout in 2008 of the blue chip company AIG.

AIG had set a very ambitious strategy to increase profits by 15 percent per annum in a very challenging competitive industry. The board was blind to risky decisions that one of its executive was taking to ensure profit targets were maintained. The company ended up falsifying accounts and using false reinsurance policies to inflate its profits. The company had to be bailed out by the government because of the huge losses it had accumulated. AIG had grown rapidly from 2001 to 2007 into a $1 trillion business but in 2008 because of the board’s ineffectiveness it collapsed like a deck of cards.

The above issue with AIG is a result of the business putting high demands on achieving high profits which resulted in staff taking highly questionable and risk-taking decisions. In this instance, the board was emphasising short term profitability at the expense of long term shareholder wealth creation. The board should have dealt with this culture of risk taking instead of casting a blind eye.
This same culture of risk taking resulted in Société Générale collapsing in 2008 when its junior French trader Jérôme Kerviel was taking dangerous bets against the market. He made big gains which benefited the business for a while so the board turned a blind eye because the trader was generating so much profit.

However, when he began to make losses he ended up hiding the positions by filing a lot of tiny, fake hedge trades elsewhere. It all transpired that Société Générale’s poor company culture of wanting huge profits was to blame for the trader’s rogue trades. However the board failed to stop the rot. One other cause of corporate failure is not responding timely to technological disruption. Technological innovation has been posing huge challenges for market incumbents. Business leaders who fail to leverage new technological developments to remain competitive have sadly seen their entire huge organisations crumble to their demise because of complacency.

A classic case is the 2012 bankruptcy of iconic brand Kodak. Kodak was founded in the 1880s, and had held a monopoly over the global photography industry for almost a century. Unfortunately when the sector went digital in the 1980s, Kodak refused to acknowledge the disruptive technology only to adopt it very late when the market had shifted to the new technology.
The company’s sales dwindled as a result of smartphones which had entered the photography market. The company had to close shop in 2012.

The board should constantly be alert to what is called information glass ceiling in which internal audit teams or those responsible for risk management fail to report on risks that are coming from top management. Because of this, executives tend to overrule any red flags generated through audit processes, or information is heavily filtered by the time it reaches board-level resulting in the board making wrong decisions. This was the case at Société Générale where managers did not report or act upon internal compliance red flags raised during Jérôme Kerviel’s wild trades which clearly demonstrate how an “information glass ceiling” can lead to corporate failure.

Highly undercapitalised businesses are likely to fail. During periods of financial distress boards struggle to source liquidity and maintain high enough levels of working capital to continue operations. Undercapitalised firms can’t buy relevant fixed assets or invest money in generating assets, leading to underutilisation of capacity and ultimately failure. Undercapitalisation is one of the several core reasons why business collapse.

One other issue that can cause companies to fail is an economic downturn. Environmental economic instability can decimate sales and adversely affect the activities and performance of organisations, resulting in failure or even collapse. Some economic distress can be very difficult for the boards or executive to deal with successfully. It’s therefore very important for the board and its executive to constantly assess the impact developments in the economic environment so that appropriate strategies can be put in place to avert corporate collapse.

l Stewart Jakarasi is a business and financial strategist and a lecturer in business strategy, advanced performance management and entrepreneurship. For assistance in implementing some of the concepts discussed in these articles please contact him on the following contacts: sjakarasi@gmail.com, call on +266 58881062 or WhatsApp +266 62110062.

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Jobs galore for Lesotho

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94 000 jobs.

That is what the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA-Lesotho) will create in the next 10 years, according to Prime Minister Sam Matekane.

The MCA-Lesotho was created by the Lesotho parliament last year after the United States’ Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) found Lesotho eligible to receive development funds.

The MCC gives development grants to poor countries that respects democratic principles and human rights.

The MCC has unlocked a staggering US$322 million (over M5 billion) to the government of Lesotho after the country enacted three laws the protect people’s basic rights this week.

Matekane advised youths to visit MCA-Lesotho offices to understand how best they can benefit from the fund and the projects that will be financed.

The MCC’s investments are aimed at increasing the availability of water for household and industrial use, enhance watershed management and conservation methods, rehabilitate health infrastructure and strengthen health systems, and remove barriers to private investment.

The MCA-Lesotho’s Health and Horticulture Compact seeks to assist the country in unlocking equitable and sustainable economic growth in partnership with the private sector by addressing key constraints to growth.

Matekane said the job creation potential of the horticulture project alone is estimated at 4 000 jobs.

This excludes indirect jobs that will be created through packaging supplies, logistics, cold chain activities as well as the processing of the output.

“Let us all be ready and ensure we spend all the funding that is available,” Matekane said.

He said the money is going to be invested in agriculture, trade and industry, value chains, infrastructure development, tourism and creative sectors.

“The Compact has come at a critical time when the country is in dire need of financial injections to revive the economy,” he said.

“This second Compact forms the core of Lesotho’s private sector-led economic growth, recovery and job creation agenda.”

He said the MCA staff should work diligently, to implement this Compact.

“There are several Basotho businesses out there that are eager to seize the opportunities that the Compact brings,” Matekane said.

“Serve them with integrity, accountability and dedication.”

Matekane said the government has established the Cabinet Sub-Committee on the Compact which is under the leadership of Deputy Prime Minister Nthomeng Majara.

The sub-committee is mandated to ensure that the government provides overall oversight, strategic direction and support for successful implementation of the Compact.

He said he expects the MCA-Lesotho to ensure the full implementation of the project within the next five years.

“Our economy needs this capital injection to boost productivity and job creation,” Matekane said.

Matekane said the government had to enact three pieces of legislation which were necessary to support the investments that the MCC is making.

The enacted laws are the Labour Code Amendment Bill, the Administration of Estates and Inheritance Bill and the Occupational Safety and Health Bill.

Majara Molupe

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Bank spearheads career expo

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Standard Lesotho Bank will tomorrow host a career expo at the ’Manthabiseng Convention Centre for high school students who will sit for their final exams this year.
The 14th Annual Standard Lesotho Bank Career Expo was launched in Mokhotlong on Monday where the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) welcomed students in areas around the Polihali Dam construction site.

On Tuesday the expo was at the Butha-Buthe Community High School, yesterday it was at Assumption High School in Teya-Teyaneng while today it is in Quthing at Holy Trinity High School.

The five-day nationwide event is dedicated to connecting ambitious Basotho youths with exciting career opportunities.

Standard Lesotho Bank says it’s career expo “is a cornerstone of the bank’s commitment to empowering Basotho youth and shaping the future of Lesotho’s workforce”.

The 2024 edition of the event is the 14th where the bank is now the headline sponsor of this important expo that reaches about over 10 000 students countrywide.

The expo promises to be an even better offering where over 35 institutions of higher learning from Lesotho and South Africa as well as professional bodies will explain different career options to Basotho students.

Standard Lesotho Bank communications manager, Manyathela Kheleli, said students in Mokhotlong did not only learn about different engineering disciplines but got to appreciate engineering in action at Polihali.

He said it was a lifetime experience for students from Mokhotlong, “thanks to the collaboration with LHDA, who are fully responsible for the Polihali leg of the event”.

There were also motivational speakers from different professions in the bank and other selected institutions.

Key influencers in the football fraternity, former Likuena captain and now Corporate Responsibility Manager at Letšeng Diamonds, Tšepo Hlojeng, and former Orlando Pirates dribbling wizard, Steve Lekoelea, are among the influencers that have been invited to address the students.

The event is a sponsorship initiative under Personal and Private Banking that is open to all youths, communities, and individuals, where the bank intends to use this event to drive the new Youth or student Customer Value Proposition and attract high school students to open accounts ahead of their enrolment into tertiary institutions.

The objective of this sponsorship is to first create an environment where future leaders of Lesotho will be nurtured and informed of top career choices that demonstrate various skills requirements for the growth of Lesotho’s economy.

Secondly, the career expo is a clear demonstration of the bank’s intention to put youths at the centre of its initiatives.

This position is shown by the bank’s initiative to not only develop special products for youths, such as the Youth Account but also through several initiatives that promote youth empowerment. These include the bursary scheme and the Bacha Entrepreneurship Project.

“We are more than a bank for our youths, but a good corporate citizen and a partner for the education for Basotho,” Kheleli said.

“We believe that as we grow our youths, they will become assets to this country and by extension, develop into a feeder market for our banking products when they enter the job market,” he said.

The bank has invested M150 000 towards sponsorship of the annual Career Expo.

Staff Reporter

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Ministry launches fresh industrialisation drive

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A new policy to drive industrialisation in Lesotho was launched in Maseru this week.
The Lesotho National Industrialisation Policy 2024–2028 is being spearheaded by the Ministry of Trade.

The ministry says the policy seeks to accelerate economic diversification in the industrial base, enhance productivity and productive capacity for industrialisation and advance domestic and regional value chains for industrialisation.

It also seeks to promote and develop industrial clustering, promote inclusive industrialisation, support entrepreneurship development and strengthen business linkages.
The new policy will also seek to enhance energy efficiency and sustainability, promoting technology adoption and innovation, services-based industrialisation, and stimulating agro-based industrialisation.

This is not the first time Lesotho has launched an industrialisation policy. Previous policies have all failed.

The first attempt was the 2015–2017 industrial policy, whose aim was to accelerate the industrialisation agenda and address key challenges facing the country.

The second one was the 2018–2023 policy, which after its unsuccessful execution during the three years of implementation, the government extended it to the National Strategic Development Plan Strategic Focus (2023/24-2027/28).

The new industrial policy’s target is set to activate implementation on innovation to enhance the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic industries, create decent jobs and improve the welfare of Basotho.

Thabo Moleko, the Ministry of Trade Principal Secretary, said the implementation of the new policy is set to deepen economic growth, promote industrialisation and enhance competitiveness.

“The plan includes greater investment in industrial development with the intention to create employment and incomes while building on maintaining the existing industrial trade,” Moleko said.

Mamello Nchake, a consultant for the United Nations Economic Commission of Africa (UNECA), said the development goals of the industrial policy are set to ensure an achievable inclusiveness and equitable growth as they aim to create sector-led quality jobs for Basotho.

Nchake said the goals are meant to “develop and maintain enabled infrastructure that is critical to the private sectors and also to promote gender equality, environmental and climate risk management”.

“Moreover, the policy (will seek to) harness the collaboration with private sector firms to address common challenges and promote industrialisation,” she said.

The workshop discussed constraints that hindered the implementation of the 2018 – 2023 policy that undermined investment and trade opportunities.

The constraints include access to land for investment, inadequate provision of infrastructure, an outdated and a lack of appropriate regulatory environment, low productive capacity, market size and topological constraints, unstable macroeconomic environment, external factors, and over-dependency of trade preferences.

To address the strategic objectives, the previous industrial policies had proposed tax incentives for industrial development, trade policy and regional integration as the main vehicle for industrialisation and structural transformation.

They had also proposed mechanisms for policy coordination and implementation, institutional alignment and linkages.

However, several key challenges were identified in the implementation of the 2015-2017 industrial policy.

They included limited financial and investment capacity to effectively implement the industrial policy actions.

“Financing instruments are not aligned with the level of development needs of the private sector,” stakeholders heard at the workshop.

They also heard that there is “persistent dependency on few industries that poses risks in the face of global economic uncertainties and ever-changing consumer preferences”.
Another identified problem is limited investment climate that makes it costly for foreign firms to invest in Lesotho.

It was also observed that a shortage of specialised education and skills crucial for growth of industries impact the ability of firms to adopt advanced technologies and improve productivity and the productive capacity.

Stakeholders also heard that there is limited global competitiveness and access to global markets.

Lesotho’s industries, they heard, particularly textiles and garments, face competition from other low-cost manufacturing countries.

The country is also spooked by poor coordination between the implementing agencies due to a lack of a clear implementation framework.

Khahliso ’Molaoa

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