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Insight

Ralph Ellison and the man who is not seen

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To be or not to be, that is the question, and whether or not one becomes that which they set out to be from the first step of a thousand mile long journey is life’s main preoccupation for many an individual living within the set confines of the “system” of the world with its many statutes, laws, acts, amendments, and repealed annulments that set out to control the life of one, or to force one to be “within control”, that is, to yoke one with the demands of taught philosophies on how to live right whilst one’s sense of self is in the process being erased, and one is forced to be an unrecognisable robot; an automaton whose sole occupation in life is to fulfil the demands of the masters posing as managers of the system: a situation whose stark reality is that one can never find or understand who they truly and honestly are because they are just a statistic; a number that bears no face nor even a name.

Faced with the reality of being just a statistic, just a number in some roster somewhere, the modern man rebels futilely to make something of themselves, to be ‘recognised’ for achieving “something” that will guarantee that their name shall not be forgotten even before their funeral, and the battle in the bucket of crabs begins . . .  and the individual begins to compete with the next individual for recognition, work their weary bones to mush trying to prove their worth in a world where “awards” count far more than the prestige, and in the process their brains turn to tepid mush from the endless sessions of hair tearing and skull cracking musings on what one can do to be the best crab in the bucket, the crab that finally manages to escape the claws of fellow crabs in the bucket infected with the syndrome PhDs (Pull him downs).

To be becomes the preoccupation, and how one can be if they are not seen or heard renders many poor individuals insane with jealousy, exhausts them to the core with endless quests into the netherworlds of the mind where one ventures into on a regular basis just so they can find “the” plan that will help them get out of the bucket of crabs that is the creation of the oppressors and slave drivers who ‘own’ the system.

The writer stands at a point in perspective which allows them to see the trends flow in society, fashions come and go, and the whole time observing the changes in behaviour of the varied people living within society relative to the change in the mode of production.

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From time immemorial the writer has penned the acts of the individuals and the societies within the mode of production in the era within which he or she lived, more as the teller of the tale of mankind going through the changes that the process of progress and human civilisation comes with.
Whether he or she pens it with the plume and the inkpot or paints it in the ochre of the inerasable oxide paints the San and the cavemen left on the ceilings and walls of rock, the writer leaves a story for their contemporaries to read and the following generations to analyse and to criticise.

The story of the second and third class citizens who form the larger component of the engine of progress has been told a countless times; but their plight lies in the simple fact that they remain unrecognised: they are faceless invisible individuals whose story is told ten thousand times each day but is never heard.
They are in essence invisible people whose sole hope lies in their belief that one day, their effort will get a mention in the annals of time, because for the moment; their names bear the title persona non grata: they are allowed to set foot in the lush gardens where the rich and the famous live, but only as garden tenders and no more, they set tables and cook sumptuous meals they will never sit down to enjoy because they are just the house help and no more.

When it was published in 1952, Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man was set to become a Bible for those individuals who sought to understand themselves in the light of the prevailing social conditions within which they lived their lives on a daily basis. Setting out with the declaration in the prologue:
I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me…

Being seen is paramount to being, for to be, a human being needs to be recognised as human by fellow human beings and other beings that live within their society; without such recognition as to their existence, one is never complete as a human being but remains as a perpetual citizen of the borderline where only the insane and the unstable are secluded to.
One cannot claim to be if the others think they are not, it is only until they are given due recognition that individuals can fully express themselves in a manner that justifies their being.
The Descartes declaration, “I think therefore I am (cogito ergo sum)” does not apply in the case of the individual faced with racism as a daily reality, the individual who has to “eke” a living from below the poverty line, and the individual that has to deal with class, tribal and ethnic lines of societal division.
All of these individuals think, but their position on the status quo renders them non-existent. They question society as to who they really are on several occasions, but their reality dulls them to the fact that sometimes (which is oftentimes) the answers to the questions we pose in relation to our position in society have their answers within us.

We are not seen because we fail to question ourselves to get to the answers as is found in chapter one (Battle Royal) of Ellison’s Invisible Man:
All my life I had been looking something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what it was. I accepted their answers too, though they were in contradiction and even self contradictory, I was naïve.

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I was looking for myself and asking everyone except myself questions which I, and only I could answer . . . that I am nobody but myself. But first I had to discover that I am an invisible man!
Upon graduation or without a degree many of us define ourselves on the lives and the terms of others who are deemed greater than themselves.
It is well and good to look for role models, but the problem with it is that we fail to find roles on which we can model ourselves; and so we spend a larger part of our potent years floundering instead of founding the basis upon which we can base our lives.

This leads to many leading an existence based on temporal whims instead of solid foundations that can in the long run benefit us in a lasting manner.
The basic problem is not that we are invisible, the root of the problem lies in our allowing the system to confine us in the manholes of poverty, unemployment, and listlessness which we go on to accept as a reality we can live with. The quintessential statement of the invisible men and women of today is:
That’s just the way it is, things will always be the same . . .

And the question one poses to themselves is; why give in to the whims of a power that never created you in the first place? If they cannot control my dreams and my stream of consciousness, then they have no control over me however they may wish to have . . .
In Africa indignity in served alongside cognitive dissonance of opportunity, that is, one is presented with the false carrot of opportunity and they are then led on into exploiting their own kind.

It is not dignified to sell the land your forefathers sweated and bled for based on interest in paper money which soon burns up in debauchery associated with money.
The reality is that those “VIPs” and elites that gained their wealth through the exploitation of their kin are in the eyes of their users just mere “natives” who sell their folk into slavery for a shard of mirror and coloured plastic beads.

They are not remembered and thus remain invisible for eternity, and if you disagree; just tell, how much do you hear of kings who sold their subjects into slavery in the history books?
I know there is more on Christopher Columbus in the history books than there is about an entire continent’s sad history.
Academic opinion and research cannot erase the fact that entire histories of once proud nations are vague details in the books of history.

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If present, the views they carry are vague when it comes to defining the African aborigines in detail. Tell me not in a hip-hop song who you really are; the reality is that you forgot yourself a long time ago and will take even longer to fully understand yourself to a reasonable degree: a degree to which the world can consider you a prestigious individual with veritable pedigree. For the moment, many remain invisible.  We see many of them working on jobs for below minimum wage in abhorrent conditions (think of the poor factory workers and the domestic help) where they can be fired any day on a baseless charge.

I guess the old concept of Botho/Ubuntu renders a people more visible because they in their clustering become a group whose voice can be heard.
An ant walking across the landscape on its own is virtually invisible and cannot overpower a grasshopper, but an army of ants is visible and can overpower even a venomous serpent.
That the plight of others is ignored in the name of monetary gain, or, the usual selfish ‘mind my own business’ mantras of the fast-fashion world of today is what is making us even more invisible, ethereal even; and we cannot be seen or heard.

Voiceless and invisible, the African continent is descending into a manhole we might never get out of, unless the selfish attitudes borrowed from the West and brought into our midst in the portmanteaus of “Been To” Smart Alecs and Dandy Jeans. We borrow turd from the West and forget to take jam jars of good planning that benefits all those Western countries in their national strategies. That one has a “position” does not mean they should forget their poor neighbours whose children go to school barefoot in winter, for if they do so; they are just one-eyed kings in the land of the blind, and not the puffed-up-head-in-the-clouds-dimwits-with-cash-in-their-pockets-and-no-sense-whatsoever they present themselves as in the squalid quarters of their lands.

A brief biography states Ralph Waldo Ellison was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on March the 1st, 1913 and died on April the 16th, 1994.
He was an American novelist, literary critic, and scholar. Ellison applied twice for admission to Tuskegee Institute, a prestigious all-black university in Alabama, founded by Booker T. Washington (another great black American. Ellison’s outsider position at Tuskegee “sharpened his satirical lens”, critic Hilton Als believes: “Standing apart from the university’s air of sanctimonious Negritude enabled him to write about it.”

In passages of Invisible Man, “he looks back with scorn and despair on the snivelling ethos that ruled at Tuskegee.”
His is a view I have come to share, for academia seems to breed a false sense of worth in those Africans that enter college or university; they come back lesser men who forget their roots just because they have read a few more books than their village men and women. The problem lies with the miseducation that scholarly education is of more worth than the indigenous knowledge systems that survived colonialism and all the other scourges of modern civilisation.

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This leads to one wondering how we shall ever progress as a continent if we forget ourselves for: how can one who forgot their image and become visible?
How can you be visible if you do not know what you look like? Do you realise that the face of your brother and kin staring back at you looks exactly like yours?
If they are poor you are poor too, if they are sick you will inherit their illness. Forget the political lies that divide people into small factions and councils of opinionated fools; look for your real self if you want to be visible.  And you do not have to look further than the individual right next to you. So begins the year of visibility.

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Insight

Down in the Dump: Conclusion

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I closed last week by recording the dreadful news that trashy Trump had been elected called to mind WB Yeats’s poem “The Second Coming.” This is the poem whose opening lines gave Chinua Achebe the phrase “things fall apart.”

Yeats observes “Things fall apart, the centre cannot hold / Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world.”

It was written in 1919 and controversially uses Christian imagery relating to the Apocalypse and the Second Coming to reflect on the atmosphere in Europe following the slaughter of the First World War and the devastating flu epidemic that followed this.

It also reflects on the Irish War of Independence against British rule.

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In lines that I can now read as if applying to the recent American election, Yeats mourns: “The best lack all conviction, while the worst / Are full of passionate intensity.”

And then I can visualise Trump in the poem’s closing lines: “What rough beast is this, its hour come round at last, / Slouching towards Bethlehem to be born?”

Trump is certainly a rough beast and isn’t the choice of verb, slouching, just perfect? For a non-allegorical account of the threat posed by the Dump, I can’t do better than to quote (as I often do) that fine South African political journalist, Will Shoki. In his words: “Trump’s administration simply won’t care about Palestinians, about the DRC, about the Sudanese.

It will be indifferent to the plight of the downtrodden and the oppressed, who will be portrayed as weak and pathetic. And it will give carte blanche [that is, free rein] to despotism and tyranny everywhere.

Not even social media, that once revered third-space we associated with subversion and revolution in the first quarter of the 21st century can save us because Silicon Valley is in Trump’s back pocket.”

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So what follows the triumph of the Dump? We can’t just sit down and moan and bemoan. In a more recent piece of hers than the one I quoted last week, Rebecca Solnit has observed: “Authoritarians like Trump love fear, defeatism, surrender. Do not give them what they want . . . We must lay up supplies of love, care, trust, community and resolve — so we may resist the storm.”

Katt Lissard tells me that on November 7th following the confirmation of the election result, in the daytime and well into the evening in Manhattan, New York, there was a large demonstration in support of the immigrants Trump despises.

And a recent piece by Natasha Lennard gives us courage in its title “The Answer to Trump’s Victory is Radical Action.”

So, my Basotho readers, how about the peaceful bearing of some placards in front of the US Embassy in Maseru? Because the Dump doesn’t like you guys and gals one little bit.

One last morsel. I had intended to end this piece with the above call to action, but can’t resist quoting the following comment from the New York Times of November 13th on Trump’s plans to appoint his ministers.

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I’m not sure a satirical gibe was intended (the clue is in the repeated use of the word “defence”), but it made me guffaw nonetheless. “Trump will nominate Pete Hegseth, a Fox News host with no government experience, as his defence secretary. Hegseth has often defended Trump on TV.” You see, it’s all about the Dump.

  • Chris Dunton is a former Professor of English and Dean of Humanities at the National University of Lesotho.

 

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A question of personal gain

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Recently, an audio recording featuring the distressed MP for Thaba-Bosiu Constituency, Joseph Malebaleba, circulated on social media. The MP appears to have spent a sleepless night, struggling with the situation in which he and his associates from the Revolution for Prosperity (RFP) party were denied a school feeding tender valued at M250 million per annum.

In 2022, Lesotho’s political landscape underwent a significant shift with the emergence of the RFP led by some of the country’s wealthiest individuals. Among them was Samuel Ntsokoane Matekane, arguably one of the richest people in Lesotho, who took the helm as the party’s leader and ultimately, the Prime Minister of Lesotho.

The RFP’s victory in the general election raised eyebrows, and their subsequent actions have sparked concerns about the motivations behind their involvement in politics.

In an interview with an American broadcasting network just after he won the elections, Matekane made a striking statement, proclaiming that he would run Lesotho exactly as he runs his business.

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At first glance, many thought he was joking, but as time has shown, his words were far from an idle threat. In the business world, the primary goal is to maximize profits, and it appears that the RFP is adopting a similar approach to governance.

Behind the scenes, alarming developments have been unfolding. A communication from an RFP WhatsApp group revealed a disturbing request from the Minister of Communications, Nthati Moorosi, who asked if anyone in the group had a construction business and could inbox her.

This raises questions about the RFP’s focus on using government resources to benefit their own business interests.

The government has been embroiled in a series of scandals that have raised serious concerns about the ethical conduct of its officials. Recent reports have revealed shocking incidents of misuse of public funds and conflicts of interest among key government figures.

Over the past two years, the RFP has been accused of awarding government contracts to companies affiliated with their members, further solidifying concerns about their self-serving agenda. For instance, vehicles purchased for the police were allegedly sourced from suppliers connected to a Minister’s son and MP.

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The MP for Peka, Mohopoli Monokoane, was found to have hijacked fertiliser intended to support impoverished farmers, diverting crucial resources away from those in need for personal gain.

Such actions not only betray the trust of the public but also have a direct impact on the livelihoods of vulnerable communities. Monokoane appeared before the courts of law this week.

While farmers voice their concerns regarding fertiliser shortages, it seems that Bishop Teboho Ramela of St. Paul African Apostolic Church, who is also a businessman, is allegedly involved in a corrupt deal concerning a M10 million fertilizer allocation, benefiting from connections with wealthy individuals in government.

The procurement of fertiliser appears to be mired in controversy; recall that the Minister of Agriculture, Food Security and Nutrition, Thabo Mofosi, was also implicated in the M43 million tender.

The renovation of government buildings with elaborate lighting systems was contracted to a company owned by the son of an MP. The RFP’s enthusiasm for infrastructure development, specifically road construction and maintenance, is also tainted by self-interest, as they have companies capable of performing these tasks and supplying the necessary materials, such as asphalt.

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Minister Moteane finds himself in a compromising situation regarding a lucrative M100 million airport tender that was awarded to his former company. Ministers have even gone so far as to award themselves ownership of diamond mines.

Meanwhile, the nation struggles with national identification and passport shortages, which according to my analysis the RFP seems hesitant to address until they can find a way to partner with an international company that will benefit their own interests.

The people of Lesotho are left wondering if their leaders are truly committed to serving the nation or simply lining their own pockets. As the RFP’s grip on power tightens, the consequences for Lesotho’s democracy and economy hang precariously in the balance.

It is imperative that citizens remain vigilant and demand transparency and accountability from their leaders, lest the nation slide further into an era of self-serving governance.

In conclusion, the RFP’s dominance has raised serious concerns about the motives behind their involvement in politics. The apparent prioritisation of personal profit over public welfare has sparked widespread disillusionment and mistrust among the population.

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As Lesotho navigates this critical juncture, it is essential that its leaders are held accountable for their actions and that the nation’s best interests are placed above those of individuals.

Only through collective effort and a strong commitment to transparency and accountability can Lesotho ensure a brighter future for all its citizens.

Ramahooana Matlosa

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Insight

Down in the Dump: Part One

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Attentive readers will recall that some weeks ago, I scribbled a series of pieces on elections due to be held in the UK, France, South Africa, and the USA. These elections were unusually critical for the well-being of their countries and even that of the world.

The results of the last of these elections are now with us and we are faced with the devastating news that Donald Trump is heading back to the White House.

I can hardly think of worse news to swallow or to equip the world to survive the years ahead.

The Dump, as I call him, is one of the most odious, dangerous, untrustworthy individuals currently inhabiting planet Earth. To cite a few of his demerits: he is a convicted felon; he believes climate change is a hoax; he is a sexist and a racist (one of his former military advisers has gone so far as to describe him as a fascist).

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He is a snuggle buddy of the Russian dictator Vladimir Putin and will probably discontinue aid to Ukraine as it resists invasion by Russia. Western European allies such as France, Germany and the UK are dismayed at his victory, as he holds the principles of democracy and constitutionalism in contempt.

As for Africa, well, he once described it as a “shit country,” so don’t look forward to much support from him.

Readers who spent time at the NUL will remember my dear colleague Katt Lissard who is now back home in New York. She spent some years with us as a Professor specialising in Theatre studies and was the Artistic Director of our international Winter / Summer Institute for Theatre for Development.

Many activists in the USA like Katt, who don’t see themselves as part of the political mainstream, chose to campaign for the Democrats and Kamala Harris in the hope of keeping Trump and the far right out of power. Confronted with the news of Trump’s victory, she sent an email to friends noting this was “just a brief check-in from the incomprehensible USA.”

She then explained: “We’re in shock and the early days of processing, but white supremacy, misogyny and anti-immigrant bias are alive and well and driving the boat here.” So, how do Katt and millions of decent, like-minded Americans plan to weather the storm?

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Katt explained: “We were deeply depressed and deeply furious as it became clear that one of the worst human beings on the planet was going back to the White House, but we are still breathing and know that we will in the days ahead begin to formulate plans and strategies—and not just for heading north across the Canadian border.”

Picking up on that last point, it may well be that many decent Americans might just up and off across the border; Canada had better prepare for an avalanche of applications for residence permits.

And not just from Americans; in, for example, the American university system alone there are many many Africans employed in high positions (Professors and such-like), who must now face the fact they are living in a country whose leader despises them and who may opt to get out.

In her email written to her friends, once the news from hell had been confirmed, Katt quoted a piece by Rebecca Solnit, one of the most exciting writers at work in the USA today (readers may remember that I have previously reviewed two of her books for this newspaper, Whose Story is This? and Recollections of My Non-Existence).

Now Solnit is a feminist and at the heart of her work is a dissection of the way women have been marginalised in the USA (let’s remember that Kamala Harris, the Presidential candidate who lost to Trump, did so partly because so many American males could not bring themselves to vote for a woman.

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I am thinking of the kind of male who invaded the White House when it was announced Trump had lost the 2020 election, bare-chested and wearing cow-horn helmets on their numbskull heads).

Solnit has this to say on our response to the Trump victory: “They want you to feel powerless and to surrender and to let them trample everything and you are not going to let them.

You are not giving up and neither am I. The fact that we cannot save everything does not mean we cannot save anything and everything we can save is worth saving.

You may need to grieve or scream or take time off, but you have a role no matter what, and right now good friends and good principles are worth gathering in.

Remember what you love. Remember what loves you. Remember in this tide of hate what love is.” And then: “A lot of us are going to resist by building solidarity and sanctuary.”

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What is so morale-boosting about Solnit’s piece is not just her vision but also her command of language.
Her writing is so crisp and elegant. Language comes at us at its best, of course, in literature, and when I heard that the Dump was on the move back to the White House, I immediately recalled one of the most startling poems in the English language, “The Second Coming” by the Irish poet WB Yeats.

I’ll kick off with that next week.

To be concluded

Chris Dunton

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